What this section covers
This reference guide explains the designation systems and abbreviations used for Soviet and Russian military equipment. Understanding these codes is essential for interpreting equipment profiles and technical documentation.
Aircraft designation systems
Soviet/Russian prefix codes
Su (Сухой - Sukhoi) : Design bureau founded by Pavel Sukhoi, specializing in fighter aircraft (Su-27, Su-33, Su-35)
MiG (МикоÑн и Гуревич - Mikoyan-Gurevich) : Fighter design bureau known for interceptors (MiG-21, MiG-29, MiG-31)
Tu (Туполев - Tupolev) : Design bureau specializing in bombers and large aircraft (Tu-95, Tu-160, Tu-142)
Il (Ильюшин - Ilyushin) : Transport and attack aircraft bureau (Il-76, Il-102, Il-28)
Yak (Яковлев - Yakovlev) : Versatile design bureau covering fighters, trainers, and VTOL aircraft (Yak-38, Yak-141)
Role designations
Interceptor (I): Air defense fighters optimized for speed and altitude (Su-15, MiG-25)
Bomber (B): Strike aircraft for ground attack missions (Il-28, Tu-4, Yak-26)
Transport (T): Cargo and tanker aircraft (Il-76, An-124)
Maritime (M): Naval aviation platforms (Tu-126, Tu-142, Be-12)
Shturmovik (S): Ground attack aircraft (Il-102, Su-25)
Ground vehicle designation systems
Truck nomenclature
ZIL (Завод имени Лихачёва) : Moscow automotive plant producing military trucks (ZIL-131, ZIL-157, ZIL-3906)
GAZ (ГорьковÑкий автомобильный завод) : Gorky automotive plant, light to medium trucks (GAZ-66, GAZ-63, GAZ-3937)
MAZ (МинÑкий автомобильный завод) : Minsk heavy truck plant for transporters (MAZ-537, MAZ-543, MAZ-7310)
Ural (УральÑкий автомобильный завод) : Ural truck plant for military logistics (Ural-375, Ural-4320, Ural-532362)
MZKT (МинÑкий завод колёÑных Ñ‚Ñгачей) : Minsk wheeled tractor plant for heavy TELs (MZKT-79221, MZKT-7930)
Armored vehicle codes
T- prefix: Main battle tanks (T-54, T-62, T-72, T-80, T-90)
BTR- prefix: Armored personnel carriers (БронетранÑпортёр) - (BTR-80, BTR-152, BTR-40)
BMP- prefix: Infantry fighting vehicles (Ð‘Ð¾ÐµÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑˆÐ¸Ð½Ð° пехоты) - (BMP-1, BMP-2, BMP-3)
BMD- prefix: Airborne combat vehicles (Ð‘Ð¾ÐµÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑˆÐ¸Ð½Ð° деÑанта) - (BMD-1, BMD-2, BMD-3)
Artillery designations
D- series: Divisional artillery (D-44, D-48, D-30)
2S- series: Self-propelled guns (2S1, 2S3 Akatsiya, 2S19 Msta-S)
9K- series: Rocket and missile systems (9K72 Elbrus/SCUD, 9K52 Luna-M)
Naval vessel classification
Submarine designations
Project numbers: Soviet submarines use project numbers (Project 941 Typhoon, Project 705 Lira/Alfa)
NATO reporting names: Western codenames for identification (Typhoon, Akula, Oscar, Victor)
Type prefixes:
- SSBN: Ballistic missile submarine (Ракетный подводный крейÑер ÑтратегичеÑкого Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ‡ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ - РПКСÐ)
- SSGN: Cruise missile submarine (ÐŸÐ¾Ð´Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¾Ð´ÐºÐ° Ñ ÐºÑ€Ñ‹Ð»Ð°Ñ‚Ñ‹Ð¼Ð¸ ракетами - ПЛКР)
- SSN: Attack submarine (ÐœÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ñ†ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¾Ð´ÐºÐ° - МПЛ)
Surface vessels
Project-based system: Ships designated by project number (Project 1143 carrier, Project 1144 cruiser)
Fleet assignments:
- Northern Fleet (СевероморÑк - Severomorsk)
- Pacific Fleet (ВладивоÑток - Vladivostok)
- Baltic Fleet (Калининград - Kaliningrad)
- Black Sea Fleet (СеваÑтополь - Sevastopol)
Weapon system codes
GRAU index system
GRAU (Главное ракетно-артиллерийÑкое управление) : Main Missile and Artillery Directorate numbering system
Format: Two digits, letter, two digits (e.g., 9M96, 2K25, 9A52)
First digit indicates category:
- 1: Small arms and ammunition
- 2: Artillery systems
- 9: Missiles and rocket systems
Missile designations
9M series: Guided missiles (9M96 SAM, 9M133 Kornet ATGM)
9K series: Complete weapon systems (9K52 Uragan MLRS, 9K72 SCUD)
3M series: Anti-ship and cruise missiles (3M54 Kalibr, 3M80 Moskit)
Key pages in this section
- Su-33 Flanker-D profile — Naval fighter specifications
- ZIL-3906 amphibious vehicle — Screw-propelled transporter
- Equipment guide index — Complete equipment reference
Related sections
- Legion library — Historical equipment documentation
Technical glossary
Design bureau : Soviet/Russian aircraft development organization led by chief designer (OKB - Опытное конÑтрукторÑкое бюро)
GRAU index : Standardized numbering system for Soviet/Russian weapons and military equipment
NATO reporting name : Western designation system for Soviet/Russian equipment (e.g., "Flanker" for Su-27 family)
Project number : Soviet naval vessel designation system using numeric codes
TEL (Transporter Erector Launcher) : Mobile platform for missile systems combining transport, positioning, and launch functions